Muir Mitchell:

1. AP News (2024) Arkansas sues YouTube over youth mental health concerns. Available at: https://apnews.com/article/a8087ff8b99c9452f01ae42417338120 

2. Firework (2024) Video attention span statistics. Available at: https://firework.com/ blog/short-form-video-statistics#in%2024 

3. LearnSafe (2023) How YouTube and Instagram affect young teens. Available at: https://learnsafe.com/how-youtube-and-instagram-affect-young-teens 

4. Lifewire (2023) Short-form video marketing: Trends and statistics. Available at: https://www.lifewire.com/short-video-marketing-8724125 

5. Reuters (2025) Despite Australia’s strict social media ban for minors, YouTube exemption poses risks. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/technology/despite-australias-strict-social-media-ban-minors-youtube-exemption-poses-risks-2025-02-03 

6. SpringerLink (2023) The impact of YouTubers on adolescent behavior and identity formation. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12144-023-04784-x. 

7. PMC (2023) Academic effects of short format content. Available at: https://pmc. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10756502/

8. Zimmermann, D., Noll, C., Gräßer, L. et al. (2020) ‘Influencers on YouTube: a quantitative study on young people’s use and perception of videos about political and societal topics.’ Current Psychology, 41, pp. 6808-6824. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12144-020-01164-7.

Paris Steel:

1. Bond, B. J. and Miller, B. (2021). ‘YouTube as my space: The relationships between YouTube, social connectedness, and (collective) self-esteem among LGBTQ individuals’. New Media & Society, 26 (1), pp. 513 - 533. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211061830. 

2. Cakmak, M.C., Agarwal, N., Dagtas, S. and Poudel, D. (2024). ‘September. Unveiling bias in YouTube shorts: Analyzing thumbnail recommendations and topic dynamics’. In International Conference on Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and Prediction and Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation, pp. 205-215. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. 

3. Chen, Y., Li, M., Guo, F. and Wang, X. (2023). ‘The effect of short-form video addiction on users’ attention. Behaviour & Information Technology, 42 (16), pp. 2893 - 2910. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2022.2151512. 

4. Kohler, T.J. (2023). Caught In The Loop: The Effects of The Addictive Nature Of Shortform Videos On Users’ Perceived Attention Span And Mood. Bachelor’s thesis: University of Twente. 

5. Ludwig (2024) I Watched 500 YouTube Shorts to Answer This Question. 16 March. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gagWPnjv_NU. (Accessed: 6 Feb 2025). 

6. Rajendran, P.T., Creusy, K. and Garnes, V. (2024). ‘Shorts on the Rise: Assessing the Effects of YouTube Shorts on Long-Form Video Content’. arXiv preprint arXiv, 2402 (1820), pp. 1 - 15. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2402.18208

7. Sahu, G., Gaur, L. and Singh, G. (2023). ‘February. Investigating the impact of personality tendencies and gratification aspects on OTT short video consumption: a case of YouTube shorts’. In 2023 3rd International Conference on Innovative Practices in Technology and Management (ICIPTM), pp. 1 - 6. 8. Violot, C., Elmas, T., Bilogrevic, I. and Humbert, M. (2024). ‘May. Shorts vs. Regular Videos on YouTube: A Comparative Analysis of User Engagement and Content Creation Trends’. In Proceedings of the 16th ACM Web Science Conference, pp. 213-223. 9. Wang, R. and Chan-Olmsted, S. (2020). ‘Content marketing strategy of branded YouTube channels’. Journal of Media Business Studies, 17 (3-4), pp. 294 - 316. https://doi.org/10.1080/16522354.2020.1783130.

Brooke Cant:

1. Balcombe, L. and De Leo, D. (2023) ‘The impact of YouTube on loneliness and mental health’, Informatics (Vol. 10, No. 2, p. 39). MDPI. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/ informatics10020039 

2. Broz, M. (2024) YouTube Shorts statistics. Available at: https://photutorial.com/youtube-shorts-statistics/ (Accessed: 26th January 2025). 

3. Buecker, S., Mund, M., Chwastek, S., Sostmann, M. and Luhmann, M. (2021). ‘Is loneliness in emerging adults increasing over time? A preregistered cross-temporal meta-analysis and systematic review.’ Psychological Bulletin, 147(8), 787–805. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000332 

4. Buf, D.M. and Ștefăniță, O. (2020) ‘Uses and gratifications of YouTube: A comparative analysis of users and content creators’, Romanian Journal of Communication and Public Relations, 22(2), pp.75-89. Available at: https://doi.org/10.21018/rjcpr.2020.2.301 5. Qu, D., Liu, B., Jia, L., Zhang, X., Chen, D., Zhang, Q., Feng, Y. and Chen, R. (2024) ‘The longitudinal relationships between short video addiction and depressive symptoms: a cross-lagged panel network analysis.’ Computers in Human Behavior, 152, p.108059. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.108059 

6. Sahu, G., Gaur, L. and Singh, G. (2023) ‘Investigating the impact of personality tendencies and gratification aspects on OTT short video consumption: a case of YouTube shorts’, 2023 3rd International Conference on Innovative Practices in Technology and Management (ICIPTM) (pp. 1-6). IEEE. Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abEffects of YouTube Shorts on Long-Form Video Content’. arXiv preprint arXiv, 2402 (1820), pp. 1 - 15. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2402.18208 

7. Sahu, G., Gaur, L. and Singh, G. (2023). ‘February. Investigating the impact of personality tendencies and gratification aspects on OTT short video consumption: a case of YouTube shorts’. In 2023 3rd International Conference on Innovative Practices in Technology and Management (ICIPTM), pp. 1 - 6. 

8. Violot, C., Elmas, T., Bilogrevic, I. and Humbert, M. (2024). ‘May. Shorts vs. Regular Videos on YouTube: A Comparative Analysis of User Engagement and Content Creation Trends’. In Proceedings of the 16th ACM Web Science Conference, pp. 213-223. 

9. Wang, R. and Chan-Olmsted, S. (2020). ‘Content marketing strategy of branded YouTube channels’. Journal of Media Business Studies, 17 (3-4), pp. 294 - 316. https://doi.org/10.1080/16522354.2020.1783130.

Connie Johnston:

1. Fabio Duarte (2025) ‘Top 35 Social Media Platforms (2025)’ Exploding Topics, 3rd February. Available at https://explodingtopics.com/blog/top-social-media-platforms (Accessed: 4/2/25) 

2. Annie Pacella (2019) ‘The Evolution of YouTube’ (2019) Blue Archer, 14th February. Available at https://www.bluearcher.com/blog-item-evolution-of-youtube (Accessed: 23/1/25) 

3. Rajan Singh (2023) Why You can’t Stop Scrolling Shorts and Reels. Available at https:// youtu.be/HRHc9o_JBHs?si=XXB6WXJsi0ZrYY9w (Accessed: 24/1/25) 

4. Levin, E., Bernier, J. (2011) ‘Attention Span’ Encyclopedia of Child Behaviour and Development pp163. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_226 

5. Jessica Gifford (2023) ‘How the battle over attention affects your relationships’ Project Connect 2nd January Available at: https://projectconnect-us.com/connection-building-blog/be-present (Accessed: 25/1/25) 

6. Walsh (2016) ‘Dopamine and the Teenage Brain’ Spark and Stitch Institute 1st November, Available at:https://sparkandstitchinstitute.com/dopamine-and-the-teenagebrain/ (Accessed: 3/2/25) 

7. Perry (2024) The Evolution of Social Connection as a Basic human Need Available at:https://www.thesocialcreatures.org/thecreaturetimes/evolution-of-social-connection (Accessed: 7/2/25) ARTICLE ANATOMY: “ATTENTION ADDICTS” 

8. Leung, Shires (no date) Attention Span Definition and Improvement Available at: https://study.com/academy/lesson/attention-span-definition-how-to-improve.html#:~:text=Attention%20span%20is%20the%20amount,such%20information%20in%20 the%20brain. (Accessed: 24/1/25) 

9. Ceci (2024) Most Popular mobile apps among children worldwide from march to April 2024 Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1345374/top-apps-amongglobal-kids/ (Accessed: 26/1/25) 10. Delayne (2022) ‘How the Dopamine Effects Impacts Kids and Adults’, Pinwheel, 29th May Available at https://blog.pinwheel.com/how-pinwheel-can-help-your-childmanage-the-dopamine-effect (Accessed: 6/2/25) 

Clint Bolik:

1. Arthurs, J., Drakopoulou, S., Gandini, A. (2018) ‘Researching YouTube’, Convergence, 24(1), pp. 3-15. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517737222. 

2. Feezell, J., Wagner, J., Conroy, M. (2021) ‘Exploring the effects of algorithm-driven news sources on political behavior and polarization’, Computers in Human Behaviour, 116, article number 106626. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106626. 

3. Grove, S. (2008) ‘YouTube: The Flattening of Politics’, Neiman Reports, 62(2). Available at: https://niemanreports.org/youtube-the-flattening-of-politics/ (Accessed: Tuesday 28th January). 

4. Lewis, R. (2019) ‘“This Is What the News Won’t Show You”: YouTube Creators and the Reactionary Politics of Micro-celebrity’, Television & New Media, 21(2), pp. 201-217. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476419879919. 

5. Nakamura, H. (2024) ‘Exploring YouTube’s Role in Shaping Political Discourse: A Case Study of the 2024 Tokyo Gubernatorial Election’, IEEE International Conference on Big Data, 2024. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1109/BigData62323.2024.10825474. 

6. Peer, L., Ksiazek, T. (2010) ‘YouTube and the challenge to journalism’, Journalism Studies, 12(1), pp. 45-63. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2010.511951. 7. Srba, I., Moro, R., Tomlein, M. et al. (2023) ‘Auditing YouTube’s Recommendation Algorithm for Misinformation Filter Bubbles’, ACM Transactions on Recommender Systems, 1(1), pp. 1-33. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1145/3568392.stract/document/10118122/metrics#metrics

7.Stenson, C. (2024) ‘Where can people turn for help with digital addiction’ BBC News, 7th February. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-68218381 (Accessed: 26th February 2025).

 8. Surkalim, D.L., Luo, M., Eres, R., Gebel, K., Van Buskirk, J., Bauman, A. and Ding, D. (2022) ‘The prevalence of loneliness across 113 countries: systematic review and meta-analysis’, BMJ, 376:e067068. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-067068 

9. Whiting, A. and Williams, D. (2013) ‘Why people use social media: a uses and gratifications approach’, Qualitative market research: an international journal, 16(4), pp.362- 369. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-06-2013-0041 

10. Zhao, Z. and Kou, Y. (2024) ‘Effects of loneliness on short video addiction among college students: the chain mediating role of social support and physical activity’, Frontiers in Public Health, 12, p.1484117. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1484117

Jamie Thornton:

1.Savage, K. (2015). Understanding and Engaging YouTube Communities. [online] DG. Available at: https://repository.digital.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/1029863 [Accessed 13 Feb. 2025].

2.Elgar Online: The online content platform for Edward Elgar Publishing. (2025). Search Results | Elgar Online: The online content platform for Edward Elgar Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.elgaronline.com/search?f_0=author&q_0=Peter-Duy-Linh+Bui [Accessed 13 Feb. 2025].

3.Cunningham, S. and Craig, D. (2017). Being ‘really real’ on YouTube: authenticity, community and brand culture in social media entertainment. Media International Australia, [online] 164(1), pp.71–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878x17709098. 

4. https://www.youtube.com/@Stellamarius

5. Eggo Müller (2009). Where quality matters: discourses on the art of making a YouTube video. [online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43377890_Where_quality_matters_discourses_on_the_art_of_making_a_YouTube_video.

6. Chau, C. (2010). YouTube as a participatory culture. New Directions for Youth Development, [online] 2010(128), pp.65–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.376.